Founder of scientific communism, the great revolutionary, teacher and leader of world proletariat, creator of the proletarian political economy. Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, a town in Rhineland, Germany. In 1841 already completed their university education. Suddenly freed from the influence of idealism prevalent at the time. In 1842, twenty-four years old, was appointed editor of the "Rhenish Gazette" in Cologne. And then hold the idea that is to be abolished private property in a revolutionary way, and from the standpoint of revolutionary democrat goes to communism. Marx wrote that the work in the newspaper "has given the first impulse to my studies of economic issues, Marx was able to create scientific communism and proletarian political economy only thanks to capitalism and the labor movement had reached a certain level in its development. By the mid-forties, has just made the transition from capitalism to the manufacturing phase of the great machine industry. Capitalism not only dominated in England but also in major countries Western Europe and the United States. Began to sharpen the contradictions inherent in the inner nature of capitalism. Under the conditions created by the industrial revolution, the stratification of society was made ever more rapidly, the bourgeoisie began to turn into a reactionary force, the proletariat appears as an independent force fighting the bourgeoisie as a whole ...
The Germany of those days where he had crystallized a tense situation revolutionary, became the hub of all the contradictions of capitalism. This is why, precisely, that Germany should become the center of the revolutionary movement the homeland of scientific communism. Marx and Engels critically examined the doctrines of his predecessors and led to a revolution in the social debt and put at the service of the advanced class: the proletariat. Lenin wrote: "Marx was a great follower and crowning of the three main ideological currents of the nineteenth century belonging to the three most advanced of mankind: classical German philosophy, classical English political economy and French socialism.'' After critically rework all the scientific evidence of previous social science, Marx and Engels made a revolutionary change in philosophy and created proletarian philosophy. Having reached the conclusion that social being determines social consciousness Marx showed that what primarily determines the whole structure of society is economic production relations among men, relationships, in turn, depend on the status of forces material productive. It concluded Marx inferred that the analysis of economic relations and the objective economic laws that are proper is of paramount importance. Marx and Engels brilliantly analyzed the economic laws of capitalism. Printed a revolutionary upheaval to economic theory to create a truly proletarian political economy scientific. As indicated by Lenin, Marx's economic doctrine is the essence of Marxism. Marx elaborated his economic doctrine fighting and petty-bourgeois political economy, based on the critical assimilation of all that had given the previous history of social sciences. The young Marx's economic ideas found their reflection in the book "Sacred Family" (1845), written with Engels. This is an eminently philosophical work, but it also discusses issues of political economy. Precisely in this book Marx and Engels' approach to the theory of labor value. In the years 1844-1846, Marx worked hard on issues of political economy and wrote the "Critique of Politics and Political Economy." The manuscript has not survived, their drafts were published in 1932 in Germany under the title "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts." Discussed in this paper the problems concerning wages, profit, a ground rent, property, division of labor and a few others. Marx and Engels wrote yet another big job: "The German Ideology" (1845-1846), great value for the formation of political economy not only of capitalism but also of socialism. In 1847 Marx wrote the play "The Poverty of Philosophy" in response to Proudhon's book "Philosophy of Poverty." In the work of Marx, proletarian political economy takes a further step. Marx tried it for the first time, the economic research methodology, ie, developed the problems of the application of dialectic materialism, political economy, revealed the essence of the interests of political economy as an expression of relations of production continued to investigate issues such as division of labor, the primitive accumulation of capital, the three phases development of capitalism, competition and monopoly of the transformation of the economic struggle in political struggle, and others.
Marx ago a valuable contribution to the development of political economy with his "Wage Labour and Capital" (1849). It made it the law of value, it shows that this law works through price fluctuations on the value, sets forth the classic definition of capital as a relation of production, explains the essence of commodity fetishism, etc. Corona scientific work of Marx and Engels in the forties the "Communist Manifesto" (1848), written by the two jointly commissioned by the League of Communists. " This book presents a coherent manner in the form of classic findings of the research results conducted by the founders of Marxism in various fields of knowledge, particularly in the field of political economy provides a comprehensive and scientific understanding militant action program of the proletariat. The work of the decade we initiated the study of problems of political economy on the basis of the new method and present in the light of dialectical materialism major economic categories. In 1859 Marx published the book "Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, which circumstantially discussed the problems of commodities and money, the dual character of labor and commodity labor, of constant and variable capital, the theory of surplus value. In 1863 Marx wrote a manuscript that is bulky, its content, an outline of the four volumes of Capital. " The core of this manuscript has been published under the title of "Theories of Surplus Value." The manuscript was not published during the lifetime of Marx and Engels. Kautsky published it in 1905-1910, who was allowed to write it revisionist distortions introduced; only Almost 100 years after it was written, this work has been published in the USSR as Marx wrote. In 1867 was released the first volume of Capital. " Marx worked hard in the second edition of this first volume, prepared by German and French editions, but could not do all the work required to publish the entire work, his main scientific work. The closest friend and collaborator of Marx, Engels, carried out a lot of work to prepare for the publication of volumes II and III of Capital.'' Volume II was released in 1885, the III, in 1894, shortly before the death of Engels. To "Capital" was carried to term revolutionary transformation of political economy and created proletarian political economy. The first volume of this work is devoted to analyzing the production process of capital and relates to the cardinal problem of the research: the origin and the production of surplus value, the theory that "constitutes the cornerstone of economic theory Marx "(VI Lenin). The second volume is devoted to analyzing the process of circulation of capital. In the third volume examines capitalist production and circulation as a whole, and the ways in which the goodwill and relations of capitalism are present on the surface of society bourgeois. The fourth and final volume contains the critical history of political economy. The investigation of the laws of capitalist production allowed Marx to determine the place of the latter in the history of the development of human society, show that it is inevitable collapse of capitalism and its replacement by communism. Marx showed that capitalism prepares all the material prerequisites for the socialist revolution, while creating its own gravedigger, the proletariat. The theory of proletarian revolution, socialist, and the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat are the key findings of all the scientific and revolutionary Marx. The enemies of communism have stated on more than one occasion that, today, Marx analyzed capitalism has radically changed in nature, which, say, Marx's conclusions have expired. But life proves every day that the fundamental nature of capitalism has not changed, no basic contradictions have disappeared or the exploitation of workers. Also today the leading ideas of "Capital" encourage the working class around the world in the revolutionary struggle and exert an enormous influence on the whole course of world history. In "Das Kapital", we find the explanation not only the past but also the scientific forecast future, the characterization of the revolutionary activity of the working masses that capitalism leads to its inevitable collapse and its replacement by communism. The victory of Marxist ideas has found its manifestation in the Great October Socialist Revolution, the formation of the world socialist system. Marx laid the foundation of the political economy of communism. In the works of Marx and foremost in his "Critique of the Gotha Programme" (1875), presents the fundamental features of communism. Marx's name will survive the centuries. "The doctrine of Marx is powerful because it is true" (VI Lenin). Takes over more and more of the popular masses and is a great material force. No doctrine, no theory has played or has played in the history of mankind a similar role. After the death of Marx and Engels, Lenin raised Marxism to a new stadium, was developed in its application to new conditions. The large and successful teaching of Marxism-Leninism is enriched by the new experience of the struggle of countries building socialism and communism, the struggle of the revolutionary workers' movement in capitalist countries and national liberation movement against the yoke imperialism. The Marxist-Leninists, generalizing experience, bring a new contribution to Marxist-Leninist theory.
Taken from Dictionary of Political Economy Borisov, and Makarov Zhamin .
Dictionary of Economics edited by Borisov, Zhamin and Makarov was published in the Soviet Union and translated into English in 1965 by Augusto Vidal Roget. His dedication says:
This Dictionary of political economy is intended for those studying the subject in the course of political education. Also be useful for students of political economy at the higher education institutions and technical schools.
The Dictionary does not include all the terminology of political economy without exception. He explained in a concise, laconic, concepts, terms, basic economic laws and categories with which the reader is often to study Marxist-Leninist theory. Also listed in the Dictionary several articles critical of some economists bourgeois and petty-bourgeois and his theories.
0 comments:
Post a Comment